If you had a character quoting a bible passage, how would you give chapter and verse in the dialogue? Johnny said, "Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one receives the prize? So run that you may obtain it—1 Corinthians, 9:24." Johnny said, "Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one receives the prize? So run that you may obtain it—First Corinthians, nine-twenty-four." Or some other representation?
Go with the numerical numbers. Same as you would with time, dollar denominations, phone numbers, serial numbers, years, and other things that are commonly expressed numerically. General rule of thumb is it's a number that is never spelled out in common practice, dialogue doesn't change it.
I can't answer the question, but the second looks more fitting for dialogue. I think a character quoting the bible might extend it to "chapter nine, verse twenty four" but could be wrong. I'm hoping the character's respondent says something like: Hey, less of the chapter and verse. God won't sue and I can give three good reasons why. First, He's not real, but even if He was real then He's got more to worry about with wars and famines than getting proper accreditation from you, but even if it's a quiet day and He decides to sue you for appropriating His good word, who's He going to get to represent Him in court? All the lawyers are in hell.
It depends on the style of the book. If it is a serious book making a valid point, then put a footnote giving the reference at the bottom of the page. Or mark the quotation and put the reference with others at the end in an appendix. Use standard referencing e.g. 1Cor9:24. Plus the version, of course. If the character is giving whomever he is addressing the reference in speech, then write it out in full as he would say it. It might be worth noting, if you do not know already so forgive me if I am speaking out of turn here, but direct quotes from the Bible are not free-for-all as you might think. The Bible is freely available - but you do need to ask the publisher for permission to quote it in a work you are intending to publish. This is freely given - but it is professional and courteous to ask, in writing, to whichever body has produced that version or translation.
Here's how I have it in my W.I.P. It's not set in stone, so it could change: At the end of the passageway Sandy appeared, still looking like something he must have dreamed. “Eric, dearest! I was missing you. But you’re in Army conference, I see.” She held her hand out to Rocky. “Thank you again for coming.” “‘The king’s daughter is all glorious within,’” he quoted, clasping her hand, “‘her clothing is of wrought gold.’ Psalm 45:13.” “Flatterer! What about my lord here?” Smiling archly, she gave Eric her hand in turn, her eyes beaming into his. “‘Thou art fairer than the children of men: grace is poured into thy lips: therefore God has blessed thee forever.’ That’s Psalm 45, too. Verse 2, I believe.” “A wedding psalm,” said Rocky. “Perhaps you’ll read it to one another.” (The setting is the restaurant where my protagonist couple are holding their post-wedding supper.) Later on the same evening, we have “‘Thy lips, O my spouse, drop as the honeycomb,’” he said, and he kissed her again, “‘honey and milk are under thy tongue.’” “What?” she exclaimed in breathless pleasure. “Since when can you quote—?” “Hush, precious love. You have no idea what I can do.” No references here, but it's an, um, different context.
As to this, the quotation marks should be more like Johnny said, "'Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one receives the prize? So run that you may obtain it'—1 Corinthians 9:24." You need interior quotation marks, and the verse reference needs to be outside them, as it isn't part of the verse itself. And note, no comma after the book name when numbers are used. I'd suggest, though, that for something like this, unless the dialogue partners are exchanging passages, Johnny would more likely say, "It says in 1 Corinthians 9:24, 'Do you not know . . . ?'"
